The Spears P321 series DWV 1/8 bend elbow is made of PVC, has hub connections on both ends, connects two pipes to change the direction of flow between pipes, and is suitable for waste water systems in residential applications. This fitting is made of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) for use in non-pressure residential and commercial drain, waste, and vent (DWV) sanitary systems. PVC resists corrosion and chemicals, exhibits high strength, and weighs less than fittings made from metal. PVC can be connected to other materials such as steel, copper, or cast iron using transition fittings. This 1/8 bend elbow, or "ell," connects two pipes at a 45-degree angle to change the direction of flow between pipes, has hub connections that slide over the ends of male unthreaded pipes with a smooth bore for enhanced flow, and has an operating temperature range of 73 to 140 degrees F (23 to 60 C). This 45-degree (1/8 bend) DWV elbow complies with American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) D2665 and ASTM D3311 for quality assurance, is National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF)/American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard 14 certified to the Uniform Plumbing Code (NSF – U.P. Code) and NSF-dwv for quality assurance, and conforms with lead content requirements for "lead free" plumbing as defined by California and Vermont. It is suitable for waste water systems in residential applications.Pipe fittings are components used for connecting, terminating, controlling flow, and changing the direction of piping in many different industries. When purchasing pipe fittings, consider the application, as this will affect material type, shape, size, and required durability. Fittings are available threaded or unthreaded, in many shapes, styles, sizes, and schedules (pipe wall thickness). Spears Manufacturing produces thermoplastic fittings and valves for fluid, drain, waste, and vent systems. The company, founded in 1969 and headquartered in Sylmar, CA, meets International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard 9001.